Our second digitised collection, documenting the extensive and detailed survey (plus some selective excavations) of the Romano-Libyan settlement of Ghirza, is now available online and Open-Access via the Archaeology Data Service. 

The data in these collections relate primarily to Ghirza, which is located 250 km (150 miles) south-east of Tripoli, Libya, and about 130 km (80 miles) inland from the Gulf of Sidra.

Crucially, these collections also include material gathered during the same expeditions for other sites and locations across pre-desert Tripolitania.

BILNAS/D1/11/1/1/6: Aerial photograph of Wadi Ghirza and settlement from the north-east.
The ruins of the settlement can be seen in the centre foreground. The wadi is crossed by the parallel lines of the Roman terrace walls. In the dark patches of the wadi are crops of barley, 1955-1957.
David J. Smith Papers on Tocra, Ghirza and other locations (11 March 1911 – 27 August 1987).

The Expeditions and the Site

Preliminary work at Ghirza was carried out by Olwen Brogan and David J. Smith in 1953. They subsequently led small-scale expeditions in collaboration with the Department of Antiquities of Tripolitania, taking place each spring from 1955-1957, for three to four weeks per season. 

The survey encompassed a large settlement with approximately forty buildings, including associated middens, cemeteries, fourteen monumental tombs, and agricultural activity extending 3km along the Wadi Ghirza. The settlement structures ranging from small, one- or two-room dwellings to large castle-like buildings. Surface pottery and other evidence point to continuous occupation from the late third century A.D. to the early sixth century, with some evidence of an early Islamic reoccupation of parts of the settlement.

BILNAS/D1/3/4: Plan of Ghirza settlement, 19 February 1958. David J. Smith Papers on Tocra, Ghirza and other locations (11 March 1911 – 27 August 1987).

BILNAS/D41/2/8/18: Building 1, unidentified buildings, 1954-1963. Olwen Brogan Papers (19th cent-1989)

Notable Finds and Features

The monumental tombs are particularly notable. Influenced by classical architectural traditions, their relief carvings vividly depict scenes from contemporary local life alongside motifs from Graeco-Roman mythology. Latin inscriptions reveal that these impressive structures were commissioned by affluent Libyans, presumably the settlement’s leading inhabitants.

BILNAS/D41/2/7/8/8/22: North tombs: colour photograph, 1971. Olwen Brogan Papers (19th cent-1989)

Excavations also uncovered a fourth- and fifth-century temple of Semitic type. This building contained over twenty small stone altars, as well as stone offering tables similar to those found in the cemeteries. 

BILNAS – TEMPLE

A medieval reoccupation of this building is attested by artefacts retrieved from the debris, including Fatimid and Zirid coins, painted and glazed pottery from the Qala’a of the Beni Hammad in Algeria, patterned textiles, and mirror-boxes. The surviving walls also bear numerous graffiti in Libyan characters.

BILNAS/D1/11/1/1/45: Islamic coin from Building 32. No. 78.2 silver coin in east room of Berber house (i.e., temple narthex) just below level of windows, 1956. David J. Smith Papers on Tocra, Ghirza and other locations (11 March 1911 – 27 August 1987)

BILNAS/D1/11/1/1/60: Islamic pottery from Building 32. Photo. ref. D1120. Published in Brogan, O. and Smith, D. (1984). Ghirza: A Libyan Settlement in the Roman Period. Plate 148, 1955 – 1957. David J. Smith Papers on Tocra, Ghirza and other locations (11 March 1911 – 27 August 1987)

The Collection’s Contents

The collection contains digitised correspondence, field notes, drawings, publication drafts, reports, maps, plans and photographic material. These materials represent a selection from the papers of Olwen Brogan, and, David J. Smith documenting their significant work at Ghirza and other locations in pre-desert Tripolitania.

Click the link and start exploring the collection today: Digital Archive from Ghirza: A Libyan Settlement in the Roman Period, 1953-1984 – The British Institute for Libyan and Northern African Studies (BILNAS), 2025. https://doi.org/10.5284/1131483

Image 1: L-R: Audrey Webb, Olive Brittan and Martyn Webb (1963). BILNAS/D15/1/5/5, ‘Libya’ (1963), Martyn and Audrey Webb Papers on Cyrenaica. © BILNAS

While working at the BILNAS Archive on the Martyn and Audrey Webb Papers on Cyrenaica, I came across two letters included in the file Cyrenaican Expeditions of the University of Manchester 1955–57. Both were signed by Miss Olive Brittan, ‘Beekeeper of the Kingdom of Libya’. These letters, fragile and deeply personal, describe a woman trying to hold together a project in difficult circumstances.

Image 2: BILNAS/D15/7/2 , ‘Cyrenaican Expeditions of the University of Manchester 1955-57’ (1959), Martyn and Audrey Webb Papers on Cyrenaica. © BILNAS

In her correspondence to Martyn Webb, Brittan explained that her house at Ras el Hilal had been damaged by an earthquake and could not be repaired for lack of funds (See image 3). She wrote of staff shortages and the difficulty of keeping her work going, and above all, she warned that without protection, the native bees of the Green Jebel forests would not survive the winter. She mentioned the need for night shifts, linked to the unusual nocturnal foraging habits of Libyan bees.

Image 3: BILNAS/D15/7/2, ‘Cyrenaican Expeditions of the University of Manchester 1955-57’ (1959), Martyn and Audrey Webb Papers on Cyrenaica. © BILNAS

One letter records that Martyn and Audrey Webb had visited her on 24 August, 1963, listened to her concerns, and promised to help. Another was addressed to Mrs. Bridget Juniper (See image 4), showing that Brittan was also seeking expert advice and financial help from Britain.

  Images 4: BILNAS/D15/7/2 ‘Cyrenaican Expeditions of the University of Manchester 1955-57’ (1959), Martyn and Audrey Webb Papers on Cyrenaica. © BILNAS

These letters capture Brittan’s voice at a moment of difficulty. They also invite us to look back into her earlier life and the wider project that first brought her to Libya. Brittan’s earlier experiences had already been remarkable. From the 1940s, she was based in the Middle East, first as a Red Cross worker assisting Yugoslav and other wartime refugees in Egypt, and later as a social worker during the British Mandate in Palestine. These years gave her both the linguistic ability (she became fluent in Arabic) and the personal resilience that later enabled her to live independently in rural Cyrenaica.

Image 5: Olive Brittan with some RAF officers stationed at El Adem (1962/63), photography by Albert Webb, Propolis (2007).

In 1952 she came to Cyrenaica with Lieutenant Colonel E. G. Evans, who later in 1956 became Military Administrator and District Commissioner for Benghazi. Together they began establishing an apiary at Wadi Glaa, introducing modern Langstroth hives imported from Benghazi. This effort was not an isolated venture, it was closely tied to wider international technical assistance programmes that followed Libyan independence. In 1950, the United Nations had argued that technical assistance for Libya was essential. In 1951, Britain, France, and the United States signed an agreement in London outlining technical support, including American commitments under the newly created Libyan-American Technical Assistance Service (LATAS). Earlier, in 1949, the United States had launched the ‘Point Four’ programme to provide funds and expertise to developing nations, especially those emerging from colonial rule. Under this programme, Libya received an allocation of $150,000 for agricultural education and survey work.

In practice, however, LATAS supplied hives, it did not provide the training that was supposed to accompany them. The original plan had been to demonstrate modern beekeeping and teach local people how to manage bees effectively, but the training element was never fully realised. When Evans left in 1956 for government duties in Benghazi, the responsibility for continuing the work fell to Brittan. She installed the hives, stocked them with local bees, and trained local workers to care for them.

Image 6: BILNAS/D41/3/11/9/30, ‘Mrs Brittan with beehives’ (1910-1979), Olwen Brogan Papers. © BILNAS

Brittan was not an amateur. She was a member of the International Bee Research Association and held the expert certificate of the British Beekeepers Association. In her letter to Web, she noted the government’s original intention had been to convert all of Wadi Glaa into a model of modern apiculture, with the aim of extending reform nationwide if it succeeded. By the early 1960s, however, that ambition had contracted to her own efforts in Ras el Hilal, where she faced earthquake damage, staff shortages, and environmental threats.

Image 7: BILNAS/D15/3/2 Olive Brittan’s residence at Ras el Hilal (1963), Martyn and Audrey Webb Papers on Cyrenaica. © BILNAS

Her residence at Ras el Hilal became the centre of her work. The house had once been used as a German officers’ convalescent home during the Second World War, and murals painted by soldiers still decorated its walls. From here she managed “bee hill,” where hives were set in caves and terraces above the village. By the mid-1960s, she was maintaining around 100 hives, producing up to twenty types of honey depending on the season, including rosemary, thyme, and above all juniper.

All juniper honey was supplied to King Idris I, giving rise to its name “Royal Honey.” Her work attracted wider attention only occasionally. In 1965, the BBC Tonight programme featured Brittan in an interview with Fyfe Robertson, in which he introduced her to viewers as ‘the King’s Beekeeper’. She explained the importance of preserving local bees, the role of pollination in agriculture, and the necessity of leaving honey for the bees themselves. The programme remains one of the only surviving moving images of Brittan.

The archive also shows her role in assisting visiting expeditions. The 1961 Oxford University Expedition to Cyrenaica thanked her in its report. Geologist Dudley R. Seifert later recalled being based in her house while carrying out fieldwork. He described her as a gracious but determined host, remembered her teaching him about the nine seasonal phases of honey, and recounted being chased indoors by angry bees while she worked with combs.

Image 8: BILNAS/D15/6/2/2, ‘Oxford University Exploration Club Bulletin, No 11’ (1964), Martyn and Audrey Webb Papers on Cyrenaica. © BILNAS

In 1963, the Webbs managed to visit Ras el Hilal and met Olive Brittan. Photographs taken by Nicholas Bevan, an undergraduate student, show Brittan with the Webbs and several local people, probably workers. The Sherborne School Expedition of 1965 recorded further details. By then the wider farm, which had once included poultry and dairy, had declined, but the apiary remained active. The students described “Bee Hill” with its hives, the taste of honey they considered the finest they had ever had, and the hospitality extended by Brittan.

They also wrote about her employee, local Sheikh Sherif el Moghtadi Ferkesh, a former member of Popski’s Private Army, who assisted visitors with both practical and medical needs.

Other memories add further texture. One RAF officer recalled that after the Libyan revolution in September 1969, a unit of Royal Irish Rangers was sent to escort Brittan out of Libya, though she was reluctant to leave. Another remembered that her house was often completely dark at night, as she could not afford oil for her lamps. Volunteer teacher Guy Ogden recalled being visited by Brittan in a hospital in Derna in 1967, when she brought him honey. Some visitors even remembered camping on her floor when stranded without light. These informal stories align with the difficulties she described in her letters: shortages, resilience, and the fragile support of personal networks.

Image 10: RHS: Olive Brittan and Audrey Webb (1963). BILNAS/D15/1/5/5, ‘Libya’ (1963), Martyn and Audrey Webb Papers on Cyrenaica. © BILNAS

Brittan did receive some formal recognition. In 1959, she was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). This was a rare distinction for a British woman living independently in Libya. Beyond this, however, her public record is slight.

Her departure from Libya came at a time of great political change. After the revolution in 1969, foreign specialists were required to leave. Sir Peter Wakefield, then Consul-General, recalled that Brittan insisted on a ceremonial farewell. She led him and the military mission’s colonel to Bee Hill, unfurled the Union Flag for a final salute, and then folded it away. She returned safely to Britain in 1970. The apiary at Ras el Hilal, once intended as a model for national reform, disappeared from view.

Much of the surviving evidence about Olive Brittan focuses on her work, her bees, her house, her visitors and friends. The broader story of her life remains largely unrecorded. She had lived in the Middle East since the 1940s, far from Britain and her family. To choose such a life in that period, and to sustain it alone for nearly two decades in rural Cyrenaica (1952-1970) was in itself remarkable.

Because her story was never formally written, much of it has been hidden. Apart from the BBC interview, almost no moving images or films of her survive. Only through scattered traces, a handful of letters, expedition reports, photographs, and recollections, can we begin to reconstruct her life. Recently, I was able to identify one of the very few clear photographs of her, perhaps, one of the last that still exists. Telling her story, therefore, is not just about the history of beekeeping in Libya, it’s about recovering the presence of a woman whose choices defied the expectations of her time and whose contribution has slipped into obscurity. Why did she move from the Red Cross service in wartime to become a beekeeping expert? What made the Libyan government appoint her to this role? These questions remain unanswered, and so the research continues.

For now, the fragments preserved in the BILNAS archive ensure that Olive Brittan is no longer entirely hidden but recognised as part of Libya and Britain’s shared history.

If anyone has any information about Olive Brittan, please contact me at Xuejiao Huang (xuejiaohuang1124@outlook.com) or Anne Marie Williamson (amw67@leicester.ac.uk)

____

Bibliography

Anon., Supplement to the London Gazette, 1 January 1959, (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1959). Available at: https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41589/supplement/21/data.pdf (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

BBC Archive, 1965: Beekeeping for The King | Tonight | Weird and Wonderful | BBC Archive (1965). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNdoqrbU1XA (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, Treaty Series No. 55 (1951): Technical Assistance for Libya, (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 15 June 1951). Available at: https://treaties.fcdo.gov.uk/data/Library2/pdf/1951-TS0055.pdf (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

Hassall, Rachel, ‘1965 Western Desert Expedition’, The Old Shirburnian Society (28 July 2025). Available at: https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/school-archives-news/1965-western-desert-expedition/ (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

Karayam, Hasan, Libyan-American Relations, 1951–1959: The Decade of Weakness, Master’s thesis, Middle Tennessee State University, (December 2018). Available at: https://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/da3e14d0-9d6f-441e-b28b-64dcb31a622c/content (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

Pauly Paul, ‘Cyrenaican bees: nocturnal foraging?’, Beekeeping & Apiculture Forum (03 March 2024).  Available at: https://beekeepingforum.co.uk/threads/cyrenaican-bees-nocturnal-foraging.56524/ (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

Showler, Karl. ‘Beekeeper to the King of Libya: Olive Brittan’, Bee World, 88(4), pp.86–90, June 2011. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/0005772X.2011.11417403   (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

Turlough, ‘Miss Olive Brittan, Libya’s Last Queen Bee’, Propolis, 5 February 2005. Available at: https://turlough.blogspot.com/2005/02/miss-olive-brittan-libyas-last-queen.html (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

     – ‘The Last Queen Bee of Libya’, Propolis, 20 December 2007. Available at: http://turlough.blogspot.com/2007/12/last-queen-bee-of-libya.html (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

Venning, P.D.R., Sherborne School Expedition to the Western Desert Report 1965: July 26 th – September 8 th , The Old Shirburnian Society (26 July 2025). Available at: https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Expedition-to-the-Western-Desert-Report-1965.pdf (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

United Nations General Assembly, Technical assistance for Libya after achievement of independence, UN. General Assembly (5th session,1950-1951, New York and Paris). Available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/209558 (Accessed: 3 September 2025).

]]> https://www.bilnas.org/postdoctoral-research-fellowships-on-ottoman-mobilities-and-interactions/ Mon, 16 Jun 2025 16:43:34 +0000 https://www.bilnas.org/?p=12758

Postdoctoral Research Fellowships on “Ottoman Mobilities and Interactions”

Kenyon was a pioneering archaeologist whose approach to excavation and record-keeping helped advance archaeological stratigraphy, influencing how sites are studied today. BILNAS was honoured to contribute to this event by sharing archival materials from Kenyon’s work in Sabratha, Libya.

Kenyon’s Sabratha papers are now available online and open-access through the Archaeology Data Service

BILNAS display cases, featuring archival materials from Kenyon’s work in Sabratha.

Celebration cupcakes featuring an archival image of Kenyon at Sabratha.

Dame Kathleen Kenyon (1906–1978) was a leading British archaeologist known for her significant work at Jericho (Tell es-Sultan) and the Jewry Wall in Leicester, as well as her contribution to the development of excavation and recording techniques. The BILNAS Archive holds records of Kenyon’s work at the site of Sabratha, a key Punic and Roman trading port in Libya. There, alongside John Ward-Perkins, she refined stratigraphic excavation techniques to establish a chronological framework for the site, tracing its evolution from Phoenician trading encampments to permanent settlement by the fifth century B.C.E.

BILNAS/D5/12/7/8, Kathleen Kenyon and unidentified men at the basilica, Sabratha (1949-1951). The Kathleen Kenyon and John Ward Perkins Papers on Sabratha (1932 – 1992).

Lady Olwen Brogan (1900–1989) played a crucial role in reshaping the study of classical sites in Libya. Initially working under Kenyon at Sabratha, she later conducted work at the Roman City of Lepcis Magna. In 1953, Brogan shifted her focus to the Romano-Libyan settlement at Ghirza, where her meticulous stratigraphic work demonstrated that it was a Libyan settlement during the Roman Period, challenging prevailing assumptions. A key advocate for British archaeological research in Libya, she co-founded the Society for Libyan Studies in 1969, and served as its first secretary.

BILNAS/D41/2/7/8/3/2/46, Olwen Brogan makes a squeeze of inscription at Ghriza (1950s-1970s). Olwen Brogan Papers (19th cent-1989)

These institutes are British International Research Institutes (BIRIs), global research centres with a focus on arts, humanities, and social sciences, with archival collections covering the Mediterranean, Türkiye and the Black Sea, Africa, the Middle East/South West Asia and North Africa, Iran and Central Asia.

Since 2022, the institutes have been working together to adopt Linked Open Data (LOD) standards and methodologies in order to identify links between their collections, with the eventual aim of developing a joint discovery portal based on the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles, funded by The British Academy.

In this presentation, the BIRI speakers demonstrate that through cross-institutional search, innovative links between collections can be found and research questions better investigated.

To illustrate this potential before the new digital portal is completed, the BIRIs are developing digital stories, using StoryMaps, to show how hidden, understudied materials can be highlighted, moving beyond traditional area-studies boundaries, for a better understanding of the Islamic world throughout history.

Founded in May 2020, the Virtual Islamic Art History Seminar Series (VIAHSS) brings together a diverse community of researchers from around the world through its virtual seminars and workshops. VIAHSS hopes to expand the understanding of Islamic art history and discuss those geographical areas and time periods that have previously been defined as marginal.

These talks are organised by Wellesley College, Massachusetts and the University of Oxford.

Speakers:

Jessica Holland – British School at Athens (BSA)
Dr David Maina – British Institute in Eastern Africa (BIEA)
Dr Anne Marie Williamson – British Institute for Libyan and Northern African Studies (BILNAS)

Click on this link to watch the presentation on the BILNAS YouTube channel.
 Or click here to watch it on the VIAHSS’s VIMEO channel.

Our first collection to be digitised is the Kathleen Kenyon and John Ward-Perkins papers, comprising more than 3000 documents, including photographs, correspondence, field notes, drawings, and reports related to excavations at Sabratha, Libya, between 1948 and 1951. The physical collection is held in the School of Archaeology and Ancient History at the University of Leicester.

Access and explore the digitised collection here: https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/collections/view/1007105/collection_list.cfm

Digitisation of our next collection, featuring material from Olwen Brogan’s work at Ghirza, is also underway. Look out for updates as our digitised collection grows!

إعلان عبر البريد الإلكتروني

يسعدنا أن نعلن أن المجموعة الأولى من أرشيف BILNAS قد تم تحويلها إلى صيغة رقمية وهي متاحة الآن عبر الإنترنت ومفتوحة من خلال شركة خدمة بيانات الآثار  . Archaeology Data Service

إن أول مجموعة لدينا يتم تحويلها إلى صيغة رقمية هي تلك التي تخص كاثلين كينيون Kathleen Kenyon وجـون وارد بيركنز John Ward-Perkins ، وتضم أكثر من 3000 وثيقة، بما في ذلك الصور والمراسلات والملاحظات الميدانية والرسومات والتقارير المتعلقة بالحفريات في صبراتة، ليبيا في الفترة بين عامي 1948 و1951. هذه المجموعة المادية محفوظة في كلية الآثار والتاريخ القديم بجامعة ليستر School of Archaeology and Ancient History at the University of Leicester .

يمكن الوصول إلى المجموعة الرقمية واستكشافها عبر الرابط التالي: https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/collections/view/1007105/collection_list.cfm

كما يجري حاليًا تحويل مجموعتنا التالية إلى صيغة رقمية وتضم مواد من عمل أولوين بروغان Olwen Brogan في قرزة. ترقبوا 

Over the last few months, the BILNAS archive, in collaboration with the University of Sheffield and Libyan partners, and with funding from the British Academy and The National Archives, has been running an archive engagement project for people in Libya and the Libyan diaspora.

The archive mainly comprises records generated by 20th century British archaeological expeditions in Libya, and it has many images showing Libyan archaeological sites and built heritage. But while Libyan antiquities have a prominent role in the archive, the stories of the people living in Libya around those antiquities are often not represented. When the archival material does show glimpses of 20th century Libyan culture and everyday life, these often go undescribed in the archive catalogue.

As a first step to gaining a more inclusive view of Libyan heritage and to try to understand how people in Libya might be interested in working with us and the archive in the future, we are delivering a series of remote sessions in Arabic and English, using digitised photographs from the archive to spark discussions with attendees.

Before each session, attendees are invited to annotate the images online, adding personal memories, stories and new interpretations. Session discussions then explore the comments and stories in more depth. Each session has a different theme, for example Libyan clothing and its connotations, people’s experience of archaeological sites, and identifying Libyan archaeologists in images. During these sessions we are also consulting attendees on how we can make the archive and its catalogue more accessible for people in Libya, for example by adding new keywords and perspectives in English and Arabic, and using digital technologies to represent new stories in the archives.

For several years the British International Research Institutes (BIRI) have been discussing the digitisation of their archives, and exchanging best practice, with a special interest in developing Linked Open Data.

It became clear that the activities of many archaeologists and scholars are reflected in the archives of more than one Institute; our archives also reflect the engagement of many local citizens in the various countries where we operate.

The Archivist of the British Institute at Ankara (BIAA), Dr Nurdan Atalan Çayırezmez, worked with the BILNAS archivists in leading a successful bid to the Imagining Futures Network for a project Connecting Archives, Connecting People to explore and establish best practice for identifying and connecting persons in various archives.

We used the analysis of our different archive catalogue structures to develop a set of protocols which can be used to catalogue and identify persons, without imposing unnecessary uniformity: thus the BIAA page – https://digitalrepository.biaa.ac.uk/biaaperson00085, and the BILNAS page – https://slsgazetteer.org/person/18/ for the same person refer to one another, and to external resources, providing an index to each archive and links to others.

Even more important are the Guidelines, which we were able to develop on the basis of our experience for others to use: these are being made available in Arabic, English and Turkish.

 Follow this link to access these guidelines in Arabic / اتبع هذا الرابط للوصول إلى هذه التعليمات باللغة العربية.
 Follow this link to access the guidelines in English 

We were able to reach a wider audience with workshops on the use of Wikidata, which were recorded and are now available to view on YouTube:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R-oIuGfQmg (English language)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMnrNJxPyo0 (Arabic language / نسخة اللغة العربية)

We very much hope that these materials will be of value to colleagues in Libya and beyond.

– ends –

The BILNAS Archive is a rich resource of material relating to Libyan and Northern African history, archaeology and culture. It covers a great variety of material, from David Smith’s archaeological plans of the Byzantine fortress at Tocra to correspondence with King Idris’s beekeeper.

Much of the archive is related to archaeological excavations, some of which are as yet unpublished.

This lecture, by BILNAS Archivist Felicity Crowe, examines the history of the Archive, current work to catalogue the material and improve its accessibility, and future plans for the collection.

About the Speaker

Felicity Crowe has been the BILNAS Archivist since May 2022. Before taking up the role, she completed her archives training at Westminster School, London, gained a postgraduate diploma in Archives and Records Management at UCL, and was the 1821 Archive Project Assistant at the British School at Athens.

She is interested in the wildflowers of Greece, commonplace books, fragments, and archives relating to the Mediterranean.

To view a recording of this lecture click through to the BILNAS YouTube channel, which also contains recordings of other BILNAS lectures and events.

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